15th Army Air Forces;  WWII
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Medical History

HEADQUARTERS ARMY AIR FORCE Office of the Surgeon APO 520 U. S. Army

10 August 1944

SUBJECT: Medical History.

TO : Surgeon, AAFSC/MTO, APO 650.

Pursuant to memorandum No. 25-13, Headquarters Army Air Force Service Command Mediterranean Theater of Operations, dated 15 July 1944 the following Medical History for the 47th Wing is submitted.

  1. PREVIOUS HISTORY.

The Unit was originally activated as the 7th Fighter Wing and retained that designation from the 7th June 1942 until 9 March 1943 when its designation was changed to the 47th Bombardment Wing. Because of this the early history will deal with the 7th Fighter Wing.

The 7th Fighter Wing was activated at Harrisburg Airport, New Cumberland, Pennsylvania, 7 June 1942 per per. 1, SO #42, 1st AF, dated 3 June 1942 and G.O. #13 dated 14 May 1942. This was later superseded by TO 1-1105-1 dated 2 September 1942.

From the date of activation until 15 September 1942 the members of the unit were rendered medical attention by the base dispensary. On the latter date Captain John L. Copland joined the unit from the 59th Group and was designated Wing Surgeon. On the 25th September 1942 1st Lt. Harold D. Young, M.C., joined, coming from Mitchell Field, L.I. and became Headquarters Squadron Surgeon. In September Captain Copland was promoted to Major.

On the 13th of October the first medical department enlisted man joined the organization. Prior to this date the base dispensary supplied all for the Wing. Seven men in all were assigned, this being under the T/O allotment. At Fort Dix, to which the unit moved on 17 October 1942, additional men were assigned. These men were poorly trained and some of them were retained. Sergeant David E. Hagan who became the section leader, had 3 years experience at Langley Field and Mitchell Field as clerk, assistant to the Flight Surgeon and similar work. PFC Kelly had better than a year of cookery and ambulance driving in the hospital at Langley Field. Pvt. Massaro had had 3 months dispensary training at Langley Field and Pvt. Long had served a year at Langley Field in the surgical ward and as a clerk. Pvt. Rose had served 7 months as a ward boy at Langley Field and Pvt. Woltz had spent three months in the sick and wounded section at Mitchell Field. Due to the shortage of personnel three men from the Air Corps, already assigned to the wing, were reassigned to the medical department. Pvt. Carley assigned to the Wing after completing the course at the army clerical school at Fort Logan, Col., was assigned as clerk to the Wing Surgeon and remains in this position today. Carley and Voltz were assigned to the dispensary as ambulance driver and kitchen technician. Classes were held daily for instructing all personnel in the medical department in military sanitation and first aid.

While at Fort Dix, on the boat and some weeks after arrival in Africa, considerable discord developed presumably because of certain personnel difficulties. Subsequently, however, most of the problem was resolved in March of 1943, at which time medical department personnel were reorganized. In February of 1943, the following personnel at the time of embarkation:

Hagan, Raymond J. S/Sgt. 12260242 Section Leader Carley, Orcel E. T/5c. 33177304 Medical Technician Woltz, Harold E. Pvt. 32090763 Administrative Technician Massaro, Attilio A. Pvt. 32060492 Medical Technician Rose, Robert Edw. Pvt. 12043260 Ambulance Driver Woltz, George W. Pvt. 33177302 Medical Technician Long, Herman L. Pvt. 33177303 Sanitation Technician Lobson, Robert L. Pvt. 33144768 Administrative Technician Rosa, Louis J. Pvt. 32149785 Medical Technician

17 October 1942 the unit moved to New York Port of Embarkation, Port Dix, New Jersey being the staging area. At this time there was a group of officers who enlisted men on DS in Washington, D.C., this group later composed the first or advance echelon of the Wing. They sailed from Newport News, Virginia 25 October 1942 to take part in the invasion of North Africa landing at Fedala, French Morocco 16 November 1942. There were no medical department personnel with this group.

The second echelon which composed the majority of the personnel left the Port of Embarkation 2 November 1942 landing at Casablanca on 18 November 1942 and met the advanced echelon at Casablanca Airport. At this time the units assigned to or constituted of the 31st, 52nd, and 350th Fighter Groups (P-40's), the 17th and 319th Bomb Groups (B-26's), and the 325th Fighter Group (P-40's). Some of the units although assigned never joined the Wing.

On 27 November 1942 Captain Merrill G. Cross was assigned to the Wing from one of the units of the 350th Fighter Group and was made Wing Medical Inspector.

In January 1943 the 7th Fighter Wing was changed to a Bombardment Wing with Fighter Groups attached.

In January 1943 the unit started to move from Casablanca to Chateaudun, Algeria. The move was made in three echelons, Lt. Young accompanying the 1st echelon as medical officer, Lt. Young accompanying the train echelon and Captain Cross the motor echelon. During this move the weather was cold and rainy, in spite of this and insufficient clothes and blankets the health of the unit was very good. Only a few upper respiratory diseases made their appearance.

Chateaudun, Algeria is located on a high mountain plateau about 2,500 feet above sea level, and during the months of January, February, and March the cold is intense and was accentuated when the sun went down. Here the offices were located in two former school buildings. The enlisted men were quartered in tents and warehouses and the officers were located in three hotels. Since the weather was cold very little difficulty was encountered with sanitation. All water for drinking and cooking was chlorinated and for this purpose dieter bags were set up. A natural hot spring was located about ten miles away and this was used for bathing purposes.

At this time the unit was assigned to the XII Bomber Command which was later to become the Northwest African Strategic Air Force.

On 1 February the 7th Fighter Wing officially assumed control of the 17th and 319th Bomb Groups which were using B-26's, the 319th Bomb Group using B-25's and the 82nd Fighter Group using P-38's.

15 February 1943 the Wing began to move from Chateaudun to El Guerrah, Algeria. Major Copland, the Wing Surgeon, accompanying the advance echelon. The move was completed on 2 March 1943. Here the entire unit was in tents. All water was brought in by trailer and was chlorinated, kitchen wastes were disposed of in soakage pits and by burning the garbage. Deep pit latrines were used. All this time sanitation suffered for lack of supplies, practically the only lumber available was that obtained from fragmentation bomb boxes.

While stationed at El Guerrah the number of upper respiratory diseases increased. Many of the personnel were hospitalized in the 61st Station Hospital which was nearby.

In March 1943 the organization designation was changed, being redesignated as 47th Bombardment Wing by Par. 1, General Order No. 4, MedAAF dated 25 February 1943. The following groups were under this command at the newly designated Wing: 310th Fighter Group (P-40's) and 82nd Fighter Group (P-38's), the 17th and 319th Bomb Groups (B-26's), the 14th and 320th Bomb Groups (B-25's), and the 325th Fighter Group (P-40's).

In March 1943, Captain Cross, the Wing Medical Inspector was promoted to Major.

10 April 1943 1st Lt. Gauro, the Headquarters Squadron Surgeon was promoted to Captain.

31 May 1943 Major Cross, Wing Medical Inspector, was transferred to the XII Bomber Command.

2 June 1943 the first echelon left for Souk El Arba, Tunisia, the move being completed 8 June 1943. The Headquarters Squadron was bivouacked in a clearing of a large wheat field and the offices were located in a modern school building. Here the health of the command suffered, due to numerous out breaks of diarrhea, brought about by an inability to control the flies because of a lack of screening and other essential items. Mosquito nets were used by all personnel and stabling was controlled. On 22 April 1943, malaria was officially given, two tablets twice weekly. However, after the third dose numerous cases of gastritis appeared which was later controlled by giving one tablet every four days a week. All combat crew personnel were inspected for malaria case daily instead of weekly. The malaria rate amongst personnel was quite low.

In May the following groups were relieved and attached to the 86th Provisional Wing of which Major Cross was Wing Surgeon, 325th and 350th Bombardment Groups all using B-26's and the 325th Fighter Group using P-40's.

At this time the unit was operating under T/O and E No. 1-110-1 dated 14 April 1943.

16 June 1943 Major Copland was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel.

24 June 1943 Major William C. Schtatsius was assigned as Assistant Wing Surgeon.

When the unit first arrived at Souk El Arba, hospitalization of casualties and sick men at the 38th Evacuation Hospital located about twenty five miles away near Beja, Tunisia. About three weeks later the unit moved to another location. The nearest U. S. Army hospital was then located at Tunis about one hundred and twenty miles away. The British hospital was located at Tabarka about thirty miles away over almost impassable roads.

Since the facilities were so poor a company of the 16th Medical Regiment with a surgical team from the 2nd Surgical Auxiliary was brought in and set up at Souk El Arba, this took care of all emergencies. Evacuation was by C-47 Medium Bombardment plane or by ambulance to either Tunis or to Megraoua, Algeria where the patient was carried to the 61st Station Hospital.

As the climate at Souk El Arba was very disagreeable, there seemed to be a wind from the desert most of the time bringing much heat at one time the temperature went as high as 134 degrees in the shade. There were other discomforts because of flies and a seemingly constant dust storm. This was a trying time for all personnel.

Between 5 and 7 August the unit moved to Hammamet, Tunisia. Here conditions were much better than any which had been encountered in North Africa. Headquarters was located in a resort hotel, sanitation became better. During September sporadic cases of Jaundice began to occur, these became more frequent as time progressed. The cause was finally decided as being an infectious hepatitis.

At Hammamet, Tunisia the nearest hospitals were located in Tunis about seventy miles away, however, the road condition was very good conditions. Both the 321st Bomb Group and the 82nd Fighter Group were closer and experienced no difficulty in getting to these hospitals. The 310th Bomb Group was located near Menzel at this time and was about one hundred and twenty five miles from Tunis, in which place all battle casualties were landed at Meteur, since no hospital existed in the base field. Other cases were evacuated by ambulance to Tunis or by military aircraft to Mateur.

1 October 1943 the unit began to move from North Africa to Manduria, Italy. 11 November the Headquarters Squadron became officially stationed at Manduria. The rear echelon did not arrive until 2 December, this echelon was accompanied by Major Schtatsius the Assistant Wing Surgeon.

At Manduria the headquarters offices were located in the buildings recently occupied by the Italian Garrison. The enlisted men were housed in two more houses located about a half mile from the office area. Officers occupied the Italian Officers Barracks which had just been completed.

On the move from North Africa to Italy only two of the attached Groups, the 321st Bomb Group and the 82nd Fighter Group, were brought over. The 310th Bomb Group remained and operated from North Africa.

Water was obtained from the earlier occupants. Much difficulty was experienced in obtaining pits for latrines and soakage pits as rock was encountered a short distance below the surface, necessitating blasting to get sufficient depth.

1 November 1943 the Wing was assigned to the Fifteenth Air Force. The 310th and 321st Bomb Groups were followed. However, since the two heavy groups, the 98th and 376th Bomb Groups which were assigned 15 November had not as yet arrived in Italy, the two medium groups continued to come under the Wings supervision.

19 November 1943 Captain Joseph Cross the Headquarters Squadron Surgeon was relieved from duty so that he could return to the Zone of the Interior to attend the School of Aviation Medicine.

There were no U. S. Army facilities for hospitalization of personnel. There were some British hospitals in both Brindisi and Taranto, however, both were quite some distance away.

In spite of every effort being made to have U. S. Army hospitals moved into the area nothing was accomplished until the arrival of the 35th Field Hospital 103 late in year and November, their equipment being lost at Port Harbor a few days later. Arrangements were made to have them located at Taranto.

About the middle of December, the First Platoon of the Fourth Field Hospital arrived and was set up in the town of Manduria.

The 35th Field Hospital began to operate the latter part of December.

11 December, three new groups, the 449th, 450th and 451st were assigned to the Wing per Par. 3 SO No. 15, Fifteenth Air Force.

On 20th December 1943 the 98th Bomb Group moved to Manduria from Brindisi, Italy.

23 December, Major James P. Gavin, M.C. joined the Wing having been assigned the 1st December. He was made Assistant Wing Surgeon and Major Schtatsius was designated Squadron Surgeon.


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Administrative History

  1. ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY.

a. The 47th Wing was activated by redesignation of the 7th Fighter Wing, per par. 1, General Order No. 4, Headquarters USAFAF, dated 25 February 1943, the unit beginning to operate as the 47th Wing 9 March 1943. At that time the unit was located at El Guerrah, Algeria, North Africa.

Operation has been under T/O and E 1-110-1, dated 14 April 1943, Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron Bombardment Wing, Heavy or Medium.

b. On 1 January 1944 the unit was located at an air field between Manduria and Oria, Italy. The medical department personnel consisted of the following officers and enlisted men.

Copland, John L. Lt. Col. Wing Surgeon Schtatsius, William C. Major Squadron Surgeon Gavin, James P. Major Asst Wing Surgeon

Hagan, Raymond J. T/Sgt. Section Leader Carley, Orcel E. S/Sgt. Administration Technician Massaro, Attilio A. Sgt. Surgical Technician Woltz, George W. Cpl. Medical Technician Rosa, Louis J. Cpl. Administrative Technician

The changes noted in the above roster are as follows: CPL. Rose were transferred to the AC in February 1943. It was found at this time that there were too many men in the medical department for a unit of this size. In May of 1943 Cpl. Woltz was transferred to gunnery school at his own request and in October 1943 Pvt. Robson was transferred back to the AC. On the 1st December 1943 Cpl. Hagan was promoted to Sgt., Pvt. Carley to Corporal and T/5 Ralty to Cpl. 1 March Pvt. Massaro was promoted to Cpl. and Pvts. Woltz and Rosa to Pvt. 1 June Cpl. Carley was promoted to Sgt. On the 1st July Sgt. Hagan was promoted to S/Sgt and on the 8th July Cpl. Carley to S/Sgt. On 1 August Cpl. Massaro was promoted to Sgt. On 4 November S/Sgt. Hagan was promoted to T/Sgt.

1 March 1944, no change in location. The medical department personnel consisted of the following officers and enlisted men:

Copland, John L. Lt. Col. Wing Surgeon Schtatsius, William C. Major Squadron Surgeon Gavin, James P. Major Asst Wing Surgeon

Hagan, Raymond J. T/Sgt. Section Leader Carley, Orcel E. S/Sgt. Administrative Technician Massaro, Attilio A. Sgt. Surgical Technician Woltz, George W. Cpl. Medical Technician Rosa, Louis J. Pvt. Administrative Technician Santana, Hipolito J. Pvt. Ambulance Driver

The following remarks account for the changes noted in the above roster: S/Sgt. Carley was promoted to T/Sgt. on the 1st January 1944. Pvt. Santana was added to the medical department from the AC in January. He was assigned to the Wing Surgeon as a driver.

30 June 1944, no change in location. The medical department personnel consisted of the following officers and enlisted men:

Copland, John L. Lt. Col. Wing Surgeon Gavin, James P. Major Asst Wing Surgeon Griffin, Richard D. 1st Lt. Squadron Surgeon

Hagan, Raymond J. T/Sgt. Section Leader Carley, Orcel E. S/Sgt. Administrative Tech. Massaro, Attilio A. Sgt. Surgical Technician. Woltz, George W. Cpl. Medical Technician Pedisich, Richard L. Cpl. Sanitation Technician Rosa, Louis J. Cpl. Administrative Tech.

On 15 April 1944, Major William C. Schtatsius was relieved from assignment to the 47th Wing and rotated to the Zone of the Interior per Letter Order, Headquarters Fifteenth Air Force. On the 28th of April 1st Lt. Richard D. Griffin was assigned to the Headquarters Squadron as Squadron Surgeon. In May Cpl. Pedisich was assigned to the medical department from the AC. In June Pvt. Santana was transferred to the 98th Bomb Group in an effort to reduce the personnel of the Wing Headquarters and along with others of the Wing.

d. The following units were attached to the 47th Wing: The 98th and 376th Bombardment Groups (H), which were formally part of the 9th Bomber Command in the Middle East and the 449th, 450th and 451st Bombardment Groups (H) which were in the process of moving from the United States. The flight echelon of the first two arrived before the ground echelon and in the 451st, the ground echelon arrived before the flight echelon. The weather was cold and rainy and there was not sufficient tents to house the majority of the personnel. The 82nd Fighter Group was still stationed at this time.

The 98th Bomb Group with Major Charles J. Longwell, MC as Group Surgeon and the 450th Bomb Group with Major George L. Thorpe, MC were located at the air field between Manduria and Oria, Italy. The 376th Bomb Group with Major Richard A. Young, MC was located at the airdromes at San Pancrazio, Italy. The 449th Bomb Group of which Captain Cecil R. Cone, MC was Group Surgeon was located at the air field at Grottaglie, Italy and the 451st Bomb Group with Captain Clyde L. Wagner, MC as Group Surgeon was located at Gioia del Colle, Italy. The 82nd Fighter Group which had been assigned to the 47th Wing since its activation had Major Marvin J. New as Group Surgeon and was located at Lecce, Italy. In addition the 909th Air Base Security Battalion and Company "B" of the 834th Air Base Security Battalion, both colored units with white officers were stationed. Only the 909th Air Base Security Co. had a medical officer, Captain R. S. Carlson. The 834th B.S.S. depended upon the Headquarter Squadron, 47th Wing for their medical attention. The 331st Signal Company, Wing also depended on the Headquarters Squadron for medical attention.

The 82nd Fighter Group was relieved from this command 13 January 1944 and moved from Lecce shortly afterwards. The 98th Bomb Group moved to that airdrome after it had been vacated by the fighters.

7 April 1944, the 451st Bombardment Group (H) was relieved from this command.

Hospital attention was rendered by the 1st Platoon, 4th Field Hospital located at Manduria and the newly established 35th Field Hospital located at Grottaglie. This gave all units adequate care.

The 82nd Fighter Wing and 47th Bombardment Wing has been given four campaign awards: The Tunisian award by NATOUSA Letter 200.6/421, dated 23 December 1943, the Italian campaign award, dated 30 January 1944, and the Sicilian and French Moroccan campaign, dated 20 May 1944. Additional award is expected for the Air Invasion of Europe.

Administrative Quarters

  1. ADMINISTRATIVE QUARTERS.

Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron has been located in one area since 1 January 1944, here medical service has been rendered to the 331st Signal Company, Wing which is located just south and until they were detached from the Wing on 20 April 1944 by General Order No. 23, Headquarters AAF/MTO, the 724th A.F. Company "B", 834th A.F.B.S.B.

The drainage of the area has been satisfactory - water for all purposes has been drawn from the Apulian aqueduct and all water for drinking and cooking has been chlorinated. The construction of latrines and soakage pits was difficult for only a few inches of soil covered a thick rock layer. This was overcome by blasting holes deep enough. Latrine sanitation has been good. All latrines are screened.

The unit has been issued Field Ration B which has been entirely satisfactory as there has been frequent additions of fresh meat and butter. All kitchens and mess halls are screened.

Mess kit sanitation has been good. One soapy and two clear rinses being used. The water being maintained at the boiling point by improvised boilers. It has been required that mess kits be dipped in boiling water prior to each meal since the end of May.

Early in the spring the area was thoroughly marked off - radius of one mile. All areas which might breed mosquitoes were charted and as soon as the weather became warm were oiled once weekly. Instruction in Malaria Control and Prevention was given all personnel. All rubbish has been cleared from the area around the camp in an attempt to prevent breeding of sand flies. All personnel sleep under sand fly type mosquito nets. Insect repellent is available. All tents are sprayed with fresh pyrethrol bombs once daily. No flies have been encountered.

Cooperation has been very good with the Squadron Commander and sanitary deficiencies have been promptly corrected.

During the winter months the enlisted men were housed in a warehouse which was adequate, later they were issued pyramidal tents. They are now constructing stone walls and concrete floors in their tents. Officers are housed in two buildings, with flush type toilets. Quarters is very satisfactory.

Showers have been constructed for the use of the enlisted men.

  1. DISPENSARY HISTORY.

a. In this unit the Headquarters Squadron renders all necessary medical attention for the personnel, the Headquarters supervises the medical attention of the units assigned to the wing. Frequent inspections are made of all units.

b. Since this is a headquarters unit no surgery or severe medical cases are handled.

c. Much difficulty has been encountered in controlling venereal disease. There have been very few cases amongst our headquarters personnel. However, Company "B", 834th A.F.B.S.B. had a large number of cases, rate per 1000 was 200.00 per month which is high. From January to June 1944, they had less than 1000 men.

Among other units of the Wing the rate was quite high, the 98th rate for January being 141.8 per 1000 per month rising to a high of 207.0 in February, 124.2 in April, 93.9 in May and 59.3 in June. The reason for the heavy rate in the early part of the year was thought to be due to a deficiency in education of personnel and to the possible fact that prostitution had flourished promotion in Naples, which port was infected. When practically all units of the wing were forbidden to take part in the situation so it was decided to have medical officers visit the rest in the evening of brothel, a prophylactic station was set up in the streets of brothels. This program was abandoned in May because it required each wing officer to be away from his other duties a large part of the time. An intensive educational program was started in February amongst all units. It is thought that the two combined were responsible for reducing the incidence of infection with venereal disease.

The 47th Wing has operated two rest centers, a hotel and restaurant in the city of Lecce, since about the middle of January. The accommodations of about one hundred bunks in this hotel were rated good until the concentration of thousands of troops in the surrounding area. Two doctors remain open night and day making beds. The restaurant has served all Army personnel, irregardless of who they are, three meals being served daily.

At present officers and enlisted mens rest camp is located at Santa Cesaria on the Adriatic Coast. The officers hotel has been in operation since December 1943 whereas the enlisted mens hotel has only been operational since the middle of April. Approximately 75 officers and 100 enlisted men can be cared for. A special detachment for duty there each week. The camp being rotated amongst the Groups.

Recently in the city of Lecce the Wing operates a prophylactic station staffed by enlisted men from the various units of the Wing and serviced daily. The apparatus (not legible) properly and is conducted in a sanitary manner.

f. Since there are very few flying officers and because they participate in no combat pool missions as ours into what the medical dispersion board and other problems dealing with aviation medicine only in that pertains to the groups under the command. This will be taken up by the groups in their history.

g. There is no dental service or authorized to this Headquarters.

f. No veterinary personnel authorized or assigned to this Headquarters.

  1. STATISTICAL-HISTORICAL DATA.

a. Sick and wounded records - the case strength of the Headquarters Squadron and the attached 331st Signal Company is 400 and therefore rates per 1000 per month basis are not computed. The following represents the number of cases treated for the period.

(1) ALL ALL Battle Intestinal Venereal Causes Disease Wounded Casualties Disease

 (2) Non-effective rate per 1000 per annum for unit not compiled.

(3) Patients Treated for six month period. Total Patient days for quarters patients - 178 Total Patient days for hospital patients - 1194 Number of out-patients - 843 Number of out-patient treatments administered - 1345

(4) Physical Examinations Semi monthly inspection of all enlisted men 154 food handlers certificates 8 government insurance examinations 7 Physical Examinations Form #63

 (5) Immunizations Small pox 512 Typhoid 154 Tetanus 86 Typhus 211

(6) Admissions to Sick Report Number of admissions to quarters - 83 Number of admissions to hospital - 92

(7) Venereal Disease Total number of days lost due to V. D. - 56 Average number of days lost for each venereal patient - 56.0-1 Venereal Disease Types: Gonorrhea - 4 Syphilis - 0 Prophylactics administered - 182

(8) Patient Beds (quarters) Number available - 5 Average number occupied - 1

a. Dental Statistics - No dentist assigned to this unit.

c. Laboratory examinations: All laboratory work is referred to the hospitals. The number referred is unknown.

d. X-ray procedures: None at S. S.

e. Veterinary. No veterinarian assigned to this unit.

  1. EVACUATION.

All patients are evacuated from the dispensary to the 35th Field Hospital which is located about twelve miles away. No difficulty is encountered in evacuation.

  1. MEDICAL SUPPLY.

All units have a relatively good of their organizational equipment. No difficulties have been encountered in obtaining medical supplies.

  1. WELFARE.

American Red Cross clubs for both officers and enlisted men are located in Lecce and Manduria and are readily accessible to the unit. The unit has a day room and an officers club. The Special Service shows movies outdoors each week and an educational W.P.A. show. Organized athletics are carried out.

                            JAMES P. GAVIN,

                            Major, Medical Corps,

                            Asst Wing Surgeon.